Supply Chain Management: Guidelines and Resources

Copyright, Carter
McNamara, MBA, PhD

This topic in the Library is written especially for those new to SCM. It also
aims to include nonprofits and small businesses in its scope. As you read this
topic, think about the activities of a certain product or service that you know
about, or are even involved in developing or providing to customers. Before
reading this topic, you might read about the Relationship
Between Managing Supply Chain, Operations, Quality, Customer Relationships and
Customer Service.

Sections of This Topic Include

What is Supply Chain Management?

You Are Probably Part of a Supply Chain
What is Supply Chain Management (SCM)?
SCM Is Best Managed as a System
SCM is for Any Type of Organization
Problems With Ineffectively Managed Supply Chains
Many Benefits of High-Quality SCM

Planning Your SCM

Characteristics of High-Quality SCM
Develop Your SCM Team Now
Use SCOR© Model to Plan Your
SCM?
Establish SCM System Goals
Decide Any Organizational Changes
Use Push or Pull Drivers to Manage Your Supply Chain?
Partner With Others to Operate Your SCM?
Select the Best SCM Software

Developing Your SCM

Redesign Your Organization As Needed for SCM
Delegate QMS Goals to Teams and Employees
Train Your Employees About SCM Systems and Management

Managing Your SCM

Three Levels of Managing in SCM
Chain of Management Processes in SCM
– Strategic Planning Process
– Demand Planning Process
– Supply Planning Process
– Procurement Process
– Manufacturing Process
– Warehousing Process
– Order Fulfillment Process
– Distribution Process
– Customer Service Management
– Customer Relationship Management
Manage These Flows Through Your Supply Chain
Managing Risk Management in Your SCM
Managing Safety and Security in Your SCM
Managing Ethically and Social Responsibility
in Your SCM
Evaluating Your SCM Performance

General Resources

Additional Overviews
Certifications
Glossaries
Organizations

Also consider
Customer
Relationship Management
Customer Service
Management
Operations
Management
Product
and Service Development
Related Library Topics

WHAT IS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT?

You Are Probably Part of a Supply Chain

What is a Supply Chain?

If you work in an organization that produces tangible offerings (products)
and/or intangible offerings (services) to customers, and if you are involved
in any the following organizational activities, then you are part of a supply
chain:

1. Strategic planning about what market, products and services are provided
   by the organization
2. Estimating what the consumer needs (forecasting demand) will be for those
   products and services
3. Making sure there will be sufficient resources (materials planning) to meet
   that demand
4. Identifying who will supply those resources (who will be the suppliers)
5. How you will buy (or procure) them
6. How you will get the resources into your organization (these are matters
   of inbound logistics)
7. How you will build (or manufacture) them
8. How you will store (or warehouse) all of them (that is, how you will inventory
   them)
9. How you will get the products or services delivered to the customer , for
   example, sold directly or through a retailer (these are matters of distribution
   and outbound logistics)
10. How you will ensure the product or service meets or exceeds the customer’s
    expectations (matters of customer service and customer relationship management)

NOTE: All of the activities and terms in the above parentheses are the typical
sequential components in a supply chain.

Other Definitions of a Supply Chain

This is sometimes where readers start to get overwhelmed and confused when
reading about supply chains and SCM. If they have heard of the more common topic
of logistics, then descriptions of supply chains can seem even more confusing.
However, Intek
Freight and Logistics, Inc provides a very useful description of a supply
chain, as well as how it differs from logistics:

“To sum up logistics and supply chains, think of a football game where
logistics is the game on the field of play and the supply chain is the stadium
where the game is played.

From the game perspective of the analogy, the movement of the ball up and
down the field of play to deliver a score is logistics.

The stadium, on the other hand, represents all the physical and communication
components. Think of the massive amounts of money put into a professional
football stadium to deliver the best experience for the buying customers (the
fans). There is the stadium itself, plus the communication points between
coaches in the box to coaches and players on the field. The communication
network allows calls, still pictures and replay videos to execute to the highest
levels to score points and have the customers standing on their feet cheering
for more.

The feedback mechanism of scoreboards, referees, replay screens, and for
those really into the game, radio commentators (providing play-by-play and
overall game analysis), give feedback all along the way through a scoring
drive to assist in delivering the very best results.”

Here is another perspective: “The supply chain is probably one of the
more complex systems that all managers have to be knowledgeable about. Its broad
coverage, which includes entire organizations, people, information, various
activities and all other resources that play a role in the flow of products
or services from producers to suppliers to customers to end users. This complexity,
coupled with its dynamic nature, calls for a way to keep that flow going in
such a way that facilitates and does not, in any way, hinder the operations
of the business. This discipline is called supply chain management.” Anastasia
in Cleverism

What is Supply Chain Management (SCM)?

Definitions of SCM

SCM involves numerous management activities and components in the supply chain.
Therefore, it is useful to consider a couple of careful definitions of SCM.

• The Council
  of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) defines SCM: “Supply
  chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities
  involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management
  activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with
  channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service
  providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply
  and demand management within and across companies.”
• “Supply chain management (SCM) is the discipline that manages supplies
  and processes through all of the stages of a project, product or business
  deliverable. Business material has a journey as it moves from one state to
  the next until it’s ready to be delivered to the customer or stakeholder.
  Then there’s the logistics of taking the finished product from one place
  to another. Getting through these various stages efficiently requires control—that’s
  where supply chain management comes in.” ProjectManager

How SCM Compares to Logistics, Operations Management and ERP

Now you have read the various definitions of SCM. If you have any acquaintance
with logistics, operations management and enterprise resource planning, then
the four practices might seem so similar as to be confusing. However, they are
actually different from each other.

SCM Compared to Logistics?

Logistics is often considered to be the storage and transportation of goods
and services. The flow of those resources can be from their input to the organization
to the customer, and backwards from those end points, for example, in the case
of customer returns. Thus, logistics is a component of the supply chain.

SCM Compared to Operations Management

Operations management is concerned with ensuring high-quality effectiveness
and efficiency of a broader range of operations throughout the organization
than SCM. For example, operations management puts more focus on meeting strategic
goals, coordination of various departments and personnel across the organization,
and typically on management of more facilities than those directly involved
in SCM.

SCM Compared to ERP

Note that SCM is also different than Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The
activities of SCM include ensuring timely and cost-effective transportation
of goods and materials into the organization, as well as outside of the organization
and ultimately to the customer. (These are matters of logistics.)

Thus, SCM often collaborates with a variety of external organizations, for
example, suppliers, manufacturers and transporters. As a result, SCM also focuses
on the quality of relationships with those types of organizations. In contrast,
ERP focuses exclusively on activities within the organization. Its focus is
also much more on detailed activities, than on broad relationships.

Operations
Management and Supply Chain Management: Understanding the Nuances
Supply
Chain Management vs. Operations Management
The
Differences Between Logistics, Operations and Supply Chain Management

Also see
Operations
Management
Product
and Service Development

SCM Is Best Managed as a System

A system is a recurring cycle of activities, including:

1. Planning to determine goals and how they can be achieved, and
2. Then developing and managing resources and activities to achieve those goals,
   and
3. Then evaluating whether the goals have been achieved or not, and
4. Then using the learning from the evaluation to improve the quality of the
   next round of planning.

Thus, a system is a recurring loop of components (the supply chain) — in a
continuous cycle of improvement.SCM is best planned and managed as a system;
otherwise, the management tends to be highly reactive and sporadic, often resulting
in a patchwork of disconnected and ineffective activities.

SCM is for Any Type of Organization

Service Organizations

The sequence of activities listed in the previous section, You
Are Probably Part of a Supply Chain, is referred to as the “supply
chain”. Many of the articles about SCM refer to the manufacturing products
in larger organizations. However, if you work in a service industry, think about
how each of the listed activities applies to your own organization.

For example, if your organization offers consulting services, then your organization
still needs strategic planning and demands planning to clarify what types of
services will be provided to whom, and what the demand for those services might
be.

It still needs to be sure there are sufficient personnel (resources) with certain
expertise who can be hired (procured) and provided (supplied) to your organization,
as well as what it will cost to get those resources (transported) to your organization.
It still needs to plan how to organize and train (develop) them, as well as
how to maintain (store) them until they are put into use (delivered) to the
clients.

Small Organizations

The managing of the activities through the supply chain — the supply chain
management (SCM) — applies to small organizations, as well. The supply chain
and the management of the supply chain are likely to be more complex than in
a large organization.

However, it could be argued that SCM is just as important to the health of
the small organization because, for example, the poor development and delivery
of products and services to customers could pose a significant threat to the
life of the organization.

In small organizations, there are often far fewer resources to rapidly identify
and solve organizational problems, while also attending to customer needs. There
is often far less money to hire expertise to help, as well. Problems in the
supply chain often result in more dissatisfied customers and less revenue —
another problem that small organizations cannot afford.

Nonprofit Organizations

A common misconception is that nonprofits are very small organizations that
primarily offer services, and that they are seldom the types of large manufacturing
organizations so often written about in the SCM literature.

However, the primary difference between a nonprofit and a for-profit is just
that the nonprofit dedicates its financial resources exclusively toward meeting
some social need, while a for-profit aims to accomplish a profit that can be
allocated back to the owners or shareholders.

Otherwise, many nonprofits provide products to their clients, much as for-profits
do. Actually, a small nonprofit is much more like a small for-profit in nature
than a large nonprofit. Similarly, a large nonprofit is much more like a large
for-profit in nature than a small nonprofit. See
How
Nonprofits Differ From For-Profits – and How They Are the Same

Problems With Ineffectively Managed Supply
Chains

Many organizations reactively evolve some version of a supply chain over time.
They piece together the necessary parts of the supply chain as they need them.
They might even evolve to a fairly complete supply chain, but still not manage
it as a tightly integrated and aligned system of components that needs to continually
be managed and adjusted for maximum efficiency to meet customer demands, while
reducing unnecessary costs and overhead. As a result, these organizations expose
themselves to experiencing:

• Insufficient resources (inventory) to meet customer needs
• Excess, costly inventory of unused resources
• Increasing stress and conflicts among personnel trying to do more with less
• Poor quality products and services
• Products and services for which there is little customer demand
• Decreasing amounts of customers
• High turnover among employees
• Decreasing sales and profits

Many Benefits of High-Quality SCM

The overall benefits of proactively, systematically managing SCMs are numerous
and can include:

• More efficiency in operations, resulting in decreased operational costs
• Improved understanding of customers’ needs, resulting in more demand for
  products and services
• Increased focus on the customer, rather than on the organization itself,
  resulting in improved customer service
• Faster product development and production, resulting in increased volume
  of products and services for customers
• Increased sales and decreased expenses, resulting in more profitability
  for businesses and more community impact for nonprofits

Top
5 Benefits of Supply Chain Management Software That will Double Your Business
Benefits
of Responsible Supply Chain Management
Key
7 Advantages and Benefits of Supply Chain Management
Primary
Business Benefits of Supply Chain Management
The
Benefits of Integrated Supply Chain Management

PLANNING YOUR SCM

Characteristics of High-Quality
SCM

Before you progress in planning your SCM, it might be useful to get an idea
of what high-quality SCM’s look like and operate like. We turn to Intek
Freight and Logistics, Inc, this time for a listing of the characteristics
of a high-quality SCM.

1. Consistency – be great all the time
2. Horizontal and vertical integration – it should be difficult to see where
   one component of the chain stops and other begins
3. Technology – continually invest in best technologies
4. Value network design – inbound and outbound activities all focused on the
   end customer
5. Data-driven – the amount of available and useful data is substantial —
   use it
6. Proactive use of data – always think about how you can use the data
7. Customization and flexibility – especially with communications and delivery
   to customer
8. Prepare for unexpected – regularly think of potential disruptions to the
   supply chain and what to do about it
9. Sustainability – increasingly, stakeholders want to see this value in their
   providers of goods and services
10. Compliance – stay up to date and comply with relevant laws and regulations
11. Transparency – nothing goes unnoticed and everything is communicated
12. Integrity – governance and executives should ensure ethical activities
    throughout the supply chain

Global Logistics
/ Supply Chain Best Practices
10
Best Practices You Should Be Doing Now
Best
Practices for Optimizing Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain
Best Practices from 10 Leading Companies
The
Essential Guide to Supply Chain Management Best Practices

Develop Your SCM Team Now

The planning and implementation of an SCM system requires sufficient time,
energy and expertise, as well as a variety of different perspectives. That means
a well-qualified and designed SCM Team of the most suitable members from your
organization. The SCM Team would make recommendations to management about, for
example:

• Goals for the SCM system
• Metrics to measure progress toward the goals
• The best approaches to train employees about SCM
• Criteria to select the best SCM system
• The best SCM system that meets the criteria

It is best to draft a job description for the SCM Team to be used when explaining
the SCM Team’s role to upper management and suggesting who should be on
it. The description also gives guidance and direction to the SCM Team as its
doing its job. It is often best, as well, to train the members of the SCM Team
about quality management. That might suggest hiring an expert to do that training,
as well as to being a resource to the SCM Team as it does its job.

Also see
Hiring
Consultants
Team
Building
Team
Performance Management

Use SCOR©
Model to Plan Your SCM?

The SCOR model is widely used in planning SCM systems. Your SCM Team choose
this approach. The approach includes five overall stages, including:

1. Planning – includes, for example, decisions about aligning the supply chain
   with strategic goals, building versus buying, outsourcing, and activities
   across the supply chain.
2. Sourcing – includes, for example, decisions about cost-effectively procuring
   needed materials from the right suppliers, and always getting the materials
   in good condition
3. Making – includes, for example, decisions about facilities, activities and
   scheduling to effectively produce goods and services
4. Delivering – includes, for example, activities to store goods and services,
   fulfill orders, and distribute goods and services to the customer
5. Returning – includes, for example, authorizing returns, transporting defective
   products, and replacing products or refunding fees

5
Essential Stages in Developing a Successful Supply Chain
The
SCOR Model for Supply Chain Strategic Decisions
Basics
of Supply Chain Management

Establish SCM System Goals

Identify Relevant Organizational Goals

Your organization should have done strategic planning to clarify its overall
purpose and priorities for the coming years. Ideally, the planning was done
proactively and explicitly. The priorities are usually specified in terms of
strategic goals.

Strategic goals related to the SCM might be, for example, regarding what products
and services will be offered, as well as when and where. Planning might have
also specified the value proposition of the organization, which specifies the
value that customers get from using the organization’s products and services.
Planning might have also specified certain financial goals to achieve, such
as reducing expenses by a certain amount or raising revenues by a certain amount.
Supply Chain
Strategy: Back to Basics
Supply
Chain Strategy and Business Strategy

Also see
Strategic Planning
How to Do to Planning
Goals
and Objectives Should Be SMARTER

Identify SCM Goals and Align with Organizational Goals

Here is an example of an SCM strategic
plan that gives examples of SCM goals, including as derived from a strategic
SWOT analysis. The article Defining
the Supply Chain gives a useful overview of examples of SCM goals and associated
objectives. The article mentions goals, including to achieve efficient fulfillment,
drive customer value, enhance organizational responsiveness, build network efficiency
and facilitate financial success.

The above are examples to help you with your thinking. However, your SCM goals
should be derived from your own organization’s strategic priorities. For each
SCM goal, associate various milestones, or key performance indicators, of progress
that you are making progress toward achieving the goal. (For ideas of goals,
consider various metrics
for evaluating your SCM.)
Align
Your Supply Chain With Your Business Goals
Six
Steps to Align Supply Chain with Corporate Strategy
Supply
Chain Metrics: Make Sure They Are Aligned with Your Strategy!

Also see
Action
Planning and Operational Planning
Strategic
Action Plans & Alignment

Be Realistic In Your Planning

Especially if yours is a small to medium-sized organization, or if this is
your first time in being focused and intentional about quality management, then
be very realistic about what you can accomplish. Develop a plan with various
phases to be implemented over a realistic period of time. Build in some quick
accomplishments in order to sustain excitement and motivation to implement the
plan. Be willing to change the plan while implementing your quality management
during its first year.

Also see
How to
Do to Planning

Decide Any
Organizational Changes

A conventional rule in deciding the structure of something is “form follows
function.” In other words, the structure of the organization (its design
and roles) should be to what is most useful in implementing the organization’s
functions (its goals and methods to achieve those goals).

So what departments, teams and employees are now — and should be — involved
in SCM, including to use the SCM software? What goals should each department,
team and various employees have in SCM? What SMART objectives should be associated
with each goal?
Organizational
Structures and Design
Work
Design and Job Design
How to Know What
Positions and Jobs Are Needed

Use Push or Pull Drivers to Manage
Your Supply Chain?

Push and pull are two different approaches to managing supply chains. It is
important early on when planning and designing a supply chain to decide which
of the two approaches is best for the organization and its customers.

In the push approach, goods and services are “pushed” through the
supply chain to the customer. The push approach starts by forecasting the demand
for the goods and services, and then making sure the supply chain effectively
operates to meet that expected demand. So the effectiveness of the approach
depends very much on the accuracy of the forecasts.

The pull approach starts from relying on actual customer demands in order to
forecast the necessary supplies and any changes needed in the supply chain in
order to promptly meet those demands. So the effectiveness of this approach
depends very much on the supply chain promptly learning and meeting the demands
of the customers.

What
is Push and Pull Strategy in Supply Chain Management?
Push-Pull Strategy
Push
vs. Pull in Your Supply Chain…What’s the Difference?

Partner With Others to Operate Your SCM?

There can be numerous types of other organizations that can work with your
organization to help operate your supply chain. So your organization must closely
manage its relationship with each of those other organizations. This includes
clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each, establishing complete and
accurate contracts and agreements, monitoring the performance of each, and evaluating
the usefulness of each relationship.

RedStag
Fulfillment lists some types of partners in this order:

• Vendors – that produce and provide raw materials
• Producers – that organize, assemble and/or manufacture products and services
• Warehouses – that store, monitor and organize products and materials
• Distribution centers – that collect, manage and provide products and services
• Retailers – that sell products and services to customers via various different
  methods

Partnerships
to Improve Supply Chains
Supply
Chain Partnerships Or Supply Chain Management?
Establishing Supply Chain
Partnerships
Supply
Chain Collaboration
Managing
Relationships in the Supply Chain

Also see
Team
Building
US
Business Contracts

Select the Best SCM Software

What Type of Software Platform is Best?

On-premises

In this type, you install the SCM software on your computer system, as well
as maintaining, troubleshooting and updating the software. You would either
use one of the free SCM tools or buy or license a tool from a vendor.

This type of software installation works best if you have available ongoing
technical skills for installation, troubleshooting and upgrades. You also will
need considerably more time to install the software as you climb the often steep
learning curve to understand the software and its installation. You are likely
to face occasional periods of downtime of the software as problems are solved
and upgrades are installed.

Cloud-based

In this type, you subscribe or license the software from a vendor that makes
the software available to one or more people in your organization, depending
on the licensing agreement. The vendor manages all aspects of the software,
including installation, testing, training, troubleshooting and upgrades. This
works if you have a suitable budget. Fortunately, the price of SCM software
has continued to decrease over the years.

How to Select the Right SCM Software

Questions to Consider When Specifying Your Software Requirements

Itarian
lists a variety of questions to consider, including:

1. Is it suitable for your size of organization?
2. Are there any limitations to the number of users?
3. Is it easy to use?
4. Can it be integrated with your other computer systems?
5. Is it easy to integrate with other supply chain management solutions that
   you already use?
6. What are its security features against hackers’ attacks?
7. Is the software affordable and fits in your budget?

You should also consider:

1. What type of SCM software do you need?
2. What type of technical support does the vendor provide? How reliable is
   it?
3. Does the vendor provide training?
4. Does the vendor include a careful manual for implementing the software?
5. Does the vendor provide demonstrations that your employees can experience?
6. What are some of its customers saying about the software?

Specify the Requirements for the Software

Now you are ready to specify what you want the SCM software to accomplish for
you. It is best to write a software requirements specification (SRS), while
focusing now on the needs of your organization, and not on the particular software
tool that you might already prefer. Later on, you will take your SRS to the
various SCM software vendors for you to carefully decide if their software will
indeed meet your organization’s needs.
Requirements
& Features of Supply Chain Management
Sample
SCM Software Requirements Specification (scroll down the page)

Lists of Some SCM Software and Costs to Consider

Supply
Chain Management Software
13
Essential Types of Supply Chain Management Tools
Types of Supply Chain
Management Software
Top
15 Supply Chain Management Software
Top
10: Supply Chain Management Software Companies

Free SCM Software

5 Open Source
Software Tools for Supply Chain Management

For Small Organizations

Supply
Chain Management Software for Small Businesses

For Nonprofits

Nonprofit organizations have supply chains, especially those focused on providing
services. There seems to be an increasing number of for-profits organizations
providing services. Thus, SCM software for businesses might also accommodate
nonprofit organizations, so it certainly is worth contacting software vendors
to ask if their software works for nonprofits.

Supply Chain Solutions
for Disaster Relief Organizations

Now Select the Best Software For Your Needs

You are in a great position now to begin working with various vendors to get
the best software to meet your needs, as specified in your SRS. You might include
your specification in an overall Request for Proposal (RFP). You also might
bring the members of SCM Team with you when talking to the vendors.
5
Tips for Choosing Supply Chain Management Software
How
to Choose Supply Chain Management Software
How
to Select the Best Supply Chain Management Software For Your Business
Supply
Chain Management Software Selection
Selecting
A Supply Chain Management System

Also see
4
Reasons Business Contracts Fall Apart
US
Business Contracts

DEVELOPING YOUR SCM SYSTEM

Redesign Your Organization As Needed
for SCM

Consider the goals and objectives that you established during the SCM planning
for each department, team and employee associated with customer relationship
management. What teams and roles should exist? How should they be integrated
with each other? For example, which departments, teams and employees should
be collaborating with each other and how? What organizational design would best
facilitate that type of involvement and collaboration?
Requirements
for Successful Organizational Change
Understanding Organizational
Structures and Design
Organizing
or Reorganizing an Organization and Its Employees

All of the activities within an organization occur within the context of organizational
performance management. Thus, having a basic understanding of that overall process
will also give you an understanding of the major recurring activities in an
organization and the general order in which they occur.
Organizational Performance Management

Delegate SCM Goals to Teams and Employees

Consider the SCM goals and associated objectives that you decided during the
planning. Which goals should be delegated to which teams and employees? Make
sure that you make the assignments according to the team performance management
and employee performance management practices that are formally established
in your personnel policies.
Goal
Setting with Employees — What Should Employees Work On?
Team
Performance Management: Performance Planning Phase (Assigning Goals)

Also see
Personnel
Policies

Train Your Employees About
SCM Systems and Management

Operating a high-quality SCM system requires well developed knowledge and expertise
among employees. Depending on the employees role in the system, required skills
can planning, organizing, leading and coordinating resources. It can include
supervising, communicating and evaluating. It can include planning, monitoring,
measuring and analyzing. Therefore, arrange highly practical trainings for your
employees — trainings that match their busy schedules and trainings that include
practice sessions.
Supply
Chain Education: What Skills Do Your Staff Need?
The
Importance of Supply Chain Training to Improve Your Business’ Bottom Line
Skills
for the New Era of Supply Chain Management – A Look to the Future

Also see
About
Training and Development

MANAGING YOUR SCM

Three Levels of Managing
in SCM

It helps to get clearer perspective on managing SCM if you look at it as having
the following three general levels that must continually get attention when
managing a supply chain.

Strategic Level

Strategic planning involves clarifying the organization’s overall purpose and
long-term priorities. Specific to a supply chain, strategic decisions answer,
for example, what is our unique value to our customers, what sets us apart from
our competitors and what are our values in serving our customers. It also answers
what are our strategic priorities for the next few years, for example, to expand
marketshare, increase profits, expand community impact or improve quality?

Also see
Strategic
Planning

Operational Level

Where the management activities in the strategic level answer “What will
we be doing?”, management activities at this level show how we will be
doing it. Examples include designing and structuring the organization, getting
and organizing the best people to address the strategic priorities. It also
includes managing each of the components in the supply chain, as well as the
important flows of information, finances, products, values and risk management
across the supply chain.

Also see
Operations
Management

Tactical Level

This level includes the many recurring day-to-day tasks necessary to operate
the components in the supply chain. There are many examples, such as following
policies and procedures to work with suppliers, doing timely and cost-effective
procurements, transporting goods and supplies to and from the organization,
tracking and monitoring resources in warehouses and communicating with personnel
across the supply chain.

Also see
Three
Levels of Supply Chain Management
3
Step Beginner Guide to Supply Chain Planning
The
Ultimate Guide to Supply Chain Management

Chain of Management Processes
in SCM

It is clear that SCM spans different management processes. Predictive
Analytics Today suggested items 1-8, below, as being the “building
blocks” of SCM.

1. Strategic Planning Process

This involves planning and specifying the strategic supply chain design. This
might be done as part of the overall strategic planning process, which would
also specify which products and services are provided and to which groups of
customers.
Strategic Planning
Introduction
to Strategic Supply Chain Management
How
To Do Strategic Supply-Chain Planning

2. Demand Planning Process

This involves planning how customer needs (demands) will be accurately and
usefully forecasted, and how those forecasts will be communicated especially
to the supply planning process.
What’s
the True Definition of Demand Management?
Demand-Chain
Management
Lessons
in Demand Management

3. Supply Planning Process

This involves planning how to ensure sufficient resources (raw materials, components,
expertise, etc.) to develop into needed products and services. This also includes
managing for effective supplier relationship management.
Supply
Planning: Processes, Options & Analytics, Oh My
5
Steps to Connected Supply Chain Planning
Who
Loves Ya?? Demand Planning or Supply Planning? (Part 1)

4. Procurement Process

This involves ensuring timely and cost-effective purchases of sufficiently
needed resources, including finding (or sourcing) the resources, coordinating
the most cost-effectiveness purchases, and accurately administrating the purchases.
Procurement
Processes in Supply Chain Management
Driving
Procurement Process Benefits in 4 Different Ways
Procurement

5. Manufacturing Process

This involves regularly manufacturing goods by combining, integrating and aligning
the supplies in a timely and cost-effective manner. It means accurately scheduling
these production activities in close coordination with the forecasted rate of
sales to customers. It means always conducting careful quality control to ensure
products will always meet or exceed expectations of customers. In the case of
service organizations, this process would include equipping personnel and materials
to deliver services when needed.
How
Does Supply Chain Management Affect Manufacturing Companies?
Manufacturing
and Supply Chain Management Solutions
Manufacturing Supply Chains

Also see
Quality
Control
Quality
Control Techniques

6. Warehousing Process

This involves transporting, organizing, storing, tracking and monitoring raw
materials needed for products. (This in-bound transporting to the organization
is sometimes considered to be part of the procurement process.) This can also
include doing the same activities for produced products and services. This all
must be done in timely, cost-effective and reliable manner.
About Warehousing
Warehousing
Efficiency and Effectiveness in the Supply Chain Process
11
Warehouse Operations Best Practices

Also see
What
is Inventory Management?
What
is Inventory Management?

7. Order Fulfillment Process

This involves ensuring accurate sales order pricing, processing and billing,
as well as orderly and efficient packaging — or provision — of products and
services to customers. Depending on the nature of the products and services,
this can include highly customized and expensive packaging or provisioning.
It can also include arranging necessary warranty and optional customer service
agreements.
Secrets
to Successful Order Fulfillment
Order
Fulfillment, Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Order Fulfillment

8. Distribution Process

This involves planning and ensuring timely and cost-effective distribution
of products and services to the customers (that is, outbound logistics), including
the same activities in reverse order if products are returned by the customers
or if customers are not satisfied with the quality of services.
The
Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain
Distribution
Channels and Supply Chain Management in High-Tech Markets
Logistics
and Distribution Models

9. Customer Service Management

This includes ensuring high-quality service and support to customers before,
during and after your customers buy from you. It includes answering customers’
questions about products and services, and can include handling customers’ complaints.

Customer Service
What
is Customer Service?
10 Types
Of Customers Services – Customer Service Channels

10. Customer Relationship Management

This involves the ongoing activities to ensure high-quality relationships between
the organization and its customers. Thus, this also includes the activities
to ensure great customer service management.
Customer
Relationship Management
The Three
Phases of CRM
Understanding
the Four Key Customer Relationship Stages

Manage These Flows Through Your Supply Chain

When trying to grasp the nature of activities through the supply chain, it
helps to see them as different types of flows through the supply chain. That
type of perspective can make it much easier in recognizing what needs to be
managed and how. The direction of the flows depends on whether you had selected
a push or pull approach to your management activities. When reading the following,
you might think of the major processes in a supply chain, including:

1. Strategic processes
2. Demand processes
3. Supply processes
4. Procurement processes
5. Transportation to organizations
6. Manufacturing processes
7. Inventory management
8. Transportation/distribution to customers

Product Flow

This includes the development and movement of goods and services all the way
from suppliers to customers. Thus, the timing of those activities in a particular
supply chain component affects the timing of activities in the chain’s upcoming
components, as well. The flow and affects are in reverse order in the case of
returns from the customer.

Financial Flow

The costs of the supply chain tend to increase as activities proceed through
the supply chain. Thus, the cost of a particular supply chain activity affects
the available funds for the upcoming activities in the supply chain, as well.

Information Flow

There should be a constant flow of useful and timely information throughout
the supply chain. Thus, the accuracy and timeliness of information in a particular
supply chain activity affects the quality of information in the upcoming activities
in the supply chain, as well.

Value Flow

The value of products and services increases through the supply chain. Thus,
the value produced by a particular supply chain activity affects the value in
the upcoming activities in the supply chain, as well.

Risk Flow

Risk can be any kind of disruption to activities in the supply chain, for example,
breakdowns of machinery, suddenly unavailable materials, poor quality materials,
or poor performance of personnel. A sudden disruption in an activity at any
point in the supply chain becomes a disruption to the upcoming activities in
the supply chain, as well.

The
Five Major Flows in Supply Chain
Managing
Supply Chain Flows
Supply
Chain Management – Process Flow

Managing Risk Management in Your SCM

Risk management is attempting to identify and then manage threats that could
severely impact or stop the supply chain. Generally, this involves reviewing
the supply chain, identifying potential threats and the likelihood of their
occurrence, and then taking appropriate actions to address the most likely threats.

With the recent increase in rules and regulations, employee-related lawsuits
and reliance on key resources, risk management is becoming a management practice
that is every bit as important as financial or facilities management.

As written above, risks to the supply chain can include, for example, sudden
breakdowns of machinery, unavailability materials, poor quality of materials
and poor performance of personnel. Risk management should be applied to all
components in the supply chain. Disruption at any point in the chain should
be planned for and contingencies should be planned accordingly.
Supply
Chain Risk Management
Supply
Chain Risk Management (SCM)
Five
Techniques to Manage Supply Chain Risk

Also see
Risk
Management

Managing Safety and Security in Your SCM

Safety and security are major concerns of today’s supply chain managers. The
supply chain is comprised of numerous moving parts, ranging in size from unpacking
containers, driving transport vehicles to constructing production facilities.

Often, the faster that a supply chain operates, the more products and services
that it can provide. However, the faster it operates, the more likely that accidents
and major disruptions can occur.

Concerns for safety are increasing as organizations outsource operations around
the world, sometimes resulting in facilities and activities that are not as
carefully designed and managed as those in the industrialized countries. This
results in even more concerns about safety.

Security concerns are increasing, as well. Unfortunately, various terrorist
attacks have included bombs and shootings in and around organizations with products
and services that have been perceived as somehow being destructive to society.
Computer hackers are growing more sophisticated in their abilities to attack
and adversely affect computers and their networking. This poses a substantial
risk to the operations of organizations and their supply chains around the world.
Safety
and Supply Chain Management Go Hand in Hand
Focusing
on Supply-Chain Management – Better Safety, Monitoring and Quality
Supply
Chain Risk Management

Managing Ethically
and Social Responsibility in Your SCM

The social responsibility movement arose particularly during the 1960s with
increased public consciousness about the role of business in helping to cultivate
and maintain highly ethical practices in society and particularly in the natural
environment.

Increasingly, organizations are being held publicly responsible for how their
products and services are developed and provided. The public expects safe and
secure working conditions. It expects workers to get livable wages. It expects
products and services to be environmentally friendly.

Major public relations problems have occurred with organizations found to be
collecting and selling customers’ private data without getting the customers’
permission to do so.

Consequently, the topics of social responsibility and business ethics are increasingly
mentioned in publications and conversations about supply chain management.

5
Steps to a More Ethical Supply Chain
The Ethical
Supply Chain
Corporate
Social Responsibility in Supply Chains
Six
Steps to a More Ethical and Sustainable Supply Chain

Also see
Social
Responsibility

Evaluating Your SCM Performance

Back in the Preparation
paragraphs, you were encouraged to prepare for developing your SCM system by
establishing goals for its performance. Goals could include desired results
at the organizational level for SCM and for the SCM system itself.

Evaluations of the SCM should include assessing the extent of achievement of
the SCM’s goals, as well as the quality of its ongoing operations to achieve
those goals.

Evaluations of the SCM system should be done at regular intervals, not just
at the end of the year. The more complex the products and services and also
the falser that the supply chain operates, the more frequently that the evaluations
should occur.

Here are several useful articles with metrics and guidelines to regularly evaluate
the performance of your SCM system.

How to Evaluate SCM

Evaluating
Your Supply Chain Management Process
Evaluation
of Supply Chain Management
ROI:
How to Evaluate Your Supply Chain Performance

Metrics to Monitor During Evaluations

10 Supply
Chain Metrics & KPIs You Need For A Successful Business
12
Key Metrics for Supply Chain Management
All
17 Key Metrics For Supply Chain Management That You Ever Need

Also see
Evaluations
How
to Design Successful Evaluation and Assessment Plans

General Resources

Additional Overviews

3
Step Beginner Guide to Supply Chain Planning (excellent for beginners)
The
Ultimate Guide to Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain
Management
What
is Supply Chain Management? Definition, Example & Objectives!
Logistics
and Supply Chain Management – Comprehensive Guide
Ultimate
Guide to Supply Chain Management
Supply
Chain Management Tutorial
Supply
Chain Management – Complete Resource Guide

Certifications

Top
8 SCM Certifications
The
5 Best Supply Chain Management Certifications

Glossaries

Supply
Chain Definitions and Glossary (download it)
Supply
Chain Glossary of Terms

Organizations

Association for Supply Chain Management
Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
Chartered
Institute of Procurement & Supply
Supply
Chain Council

For the Category of Operations Management:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may
want to review some related topics, available from the link below.
Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been
selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

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