Developed by Authenticity Consulting, LLC
Complete Guide to Ethics Management: An Ethics Toolkit for Managers
© Copyright Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, Authenticity Consulting,
LLC.
(This guide is located at http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/ethics-guide.htm
on the Web.)
The profession of business ethics has long needed a highly
practical resource that is designed particularly for leaders and
managers -- those people charged to ensure ethical practices in
their organizations. Unfortunately, far too many resources about
business ethics end up being designed primarily for philosophers,
academics and social critics. As a result, leaders and managers
struggle to really be able to make use of the resources at all.
Also, far too many resources about business ethics contain sensationalistic
stories about businesses "gone bad" or prolonged preaching
to businesses to "do the right thing". These resources
often explore simplistic ethical questions, such as "Should
Jane steal from the company?" The real world of leaders and
managers is often much more complex than that.
This guide is a straightforward and highly practical tool designed to help leaders and managers implement comprehensive ethics management systems in their workplaces -- systems to deal with the complex, ethical issues that can occur in the day-to-day realities of leading and managing an organization.
For Web readers:
This free guidebook is about 20 pages long (8 1/2" x 11" pages). If you are reading the document on the World Wide Web, please wait until the document is fully loaded before attempting to link to its sections listed below. The best approach to using this guidebook may be to print it out for ongoing reference. The Free Management Library provides additional information about ethics and a great range of other free information about management. For a complete list of library topics, see http://managementhelp.org/topics.htm
Disclaimer:
The author, Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability for accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information from this guide.
Another Tool to Effectively Infuse Ethical Principles:
If you are planning to infuse strong, ethical principles throughout
your company or want to change the culture of your company, then
you might take the advice of Bob Kniffin, Vice President of External
Affairs, at Johnson and Johnson (J&J) company. The way that
J&J handled an ethical issue (the "Tylenol scare"
crisis) in the 1980s is probably one of the most inspiring and
enlightening examples of how to successfully deal with a major
ethical issue in business. Kniffin was one of the key players
in helping J&J to handle the crisis so effectively. Kniffin
said that it was not the J&J Credo (a form of a code of ethics)
that helped J&J to handle the crisis so well. Rather, it was
the ongoing "challenge sessions" that the company regularly
held in order for each person to clarify their own perspective
and commitment to the J&J Credo. Authenticity Consulting's
peer coaching groups are a powerful, yet straightforward, means
to organize, facilitate and evaluate challenge sessions. For more
information about the peer coaching groups, go to our publications site (http://www.authenticityconsulting.com/act-lrn/AC_pubs.htm)
and consider the "Program Planning Kit".
About this Free Guidebook
· This free guidebook aims to fill a large void of
practical, realistic ethics information for leaders and managers,
whether nonprofit or for-profit.
· This guidebook takes about two hours to read.
It is concisely written and well organized as a step-by-step guidebook
for handy reference.
· This guidebook is free in order to make its contents
highly accessible to organizations, particularly those with
limited resources. The free nature of this document does not in
any way indicate that its content are of low value -- high fees
and impressive presentation do not necessarily imply high value.
· The author hopes the online form of this document
remains a dynamic community resource that is continually modified
and improved by feedback, particularly from leaders and managers
-- those people in the trenches who are charged with applying
business ethics techniques in the workplace.
This document contains the following sections:
Document Fills Void of Practical Ethics
Information for Leaders and Managers
What
is Business Ethics?
10
Myths About Business Ethics
10
Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace
One
Description of a Highly Ethical Organization
Ethics
Management Programs: An Overview
8
Guidelines for Managing Ethics in the Workplace
6
Key Roles and Responsibilities in Ethics Management
Ethics
Tools: Codes of Ethics
Ethics
Tools: Codes of Conduct
Ethics
Tools: Policies and Procedures
Ethics
Tools: Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (with Real-to-Life Examples)
Ethics
Tools: Training
About
the Author
Bibliography
of Practical Resources
Also see
Related Library Topics
Acknowledgment
Particular "Thanks!" goes to Twin Cities-based consultants,
Doug Wallace and Jon Pekel, of the Fulcrum Group (651-714-9033;
e-mail at jonpekel@comcast.net),
for contributing key information to this document. I have referenced
their copyright where I included their key materials in this guidebook.
Document Fills a Void of Practical Business Ethics Information for Leaders and Managers
Current Literature is Focused on Needs of Philosophers,
Academics and Social Critics --
Leaders and Managers Require More Practical Information About
Managing Ethics
Managing ethics in the workplace holds tremendous benefit for
leaders and managers, benefits both moral and practical. This
is particularly true today when it is critical to understand and
manage highly diverse values in the workplace.
However, the field of business ethics has traditionally been the
domain of philosophers, academics and social critics. Consequently,
much of today's literature about business ethics is not geared
toward the practical needs of leaders and managers -- the people
primarily responsible for managing ethics in the workplace. The
most frequent forms of business ethics literature today typically
include: a) philosophical, which requires extensive orientation
and analysis; b) anthologies, which require much time, review
and integration; c) case studies, which require numerous cases,
and much time and analyses to synthesize; and d) focus on social
responsibility, which includes many examples of good and bad actions
taken by companies. (This lack of practical information is not
the fault of philosophers, academic or social critics. The problem
is the outcome of insufficient involvement of leaders and managers
in discussion and literature about business ethics. More leaders
and managers must become involved. This guidebook aims to increase
that involvement.)
What's Conspicuously Missing is the "How to" of Managing
Ethics in the Workplace
But it isn't from lack of examples that managers aren't better
at managing ethics in the workplace -- they require more practical
information about managing ethics. This problem was explained
very well by Stark in his article, "What's the Matter with
Business Ethics?" published in the Harvard Business Review
(1993, May/June, pp. 38-48). Brenner (Journal of Business Ethics,
V11, pp. 391:399) notes "while much has been written about
individual components of ethics programs, especially about codes
of ethics, the literature is much more limited on ethics programs."
Wong and Beckman (Journal of Business Ethics, V11, pp. 173-178)
note that "researchers are claiming that current literature
is filled with strong arguments for more ethical corporate leadership
and incorporation of ethics in business curriculum, but what is
conspicuously missing is the "how to" in actually putting
ethical goals and theories into practical action."
Myths Abound About Business Ethics, e.g., "Ethics is Simply
to Do What's Right"
Lack of involvement from leaders and managers in the field of
business ethics (again, this is the fault of no one or of everyone)
has spawned a great deal of confusion and misunderstanding among
leaders and managers about business ethics. McDonald and Zepp,
in their article "What Should Be Done? A Practical Approach
to Business Ethics" (Management Decision, 28, 1, 1990, pp.
9-13), note that when someone brings up the topic of business
ethics "... it tends to bring up cynicism, righteousness,
paranoia, and laughter." Many leaders and managers believe
business ethics is religion because it seems to contain a great
deal of preaching. Or, they believe it to be superfluous because
it seems to merely assert the obvious: "do good!"
Business Ethics Literature is Often Far Too Simplistic -- So
Many Leaders and Managers Think Business Ethics is Irrelevant
Stark notes that "often ethicists advance a kind of moral
absolutism that avoids many of the difficult and most interesting
questions." Case studies to explore ethical dilemmas are
often far too simplistic, presented as if every real-life situation
has a right and wrong e.g., "should I lie, cheat or steal?"
Consequently, many managers believe business ethics is irrelevant
because too much business ethics training avoids the real-to-life
complexities in leading organizations. (This document contains
samples of real-to-life, complex ethical dilemmas, in a subsection,
"Examples of Real-to-Life Complex Ethical Dilemmas"
in the upcoming section "Ethics Tools: Resolving Ethical
Dilemmas.") Bob Dunn, President and CEO of San Francisco-based
Business for Social Responsibility, explains, "Ethical decisions
aren't as easy as they used to be. Now, they're the difference
between right -- and right." Preston Townley, in his speech
"Business Ethics: Commitment to Tough Decisions" (Vital
Speeches, January 1992, pp. 208-211), states that "... it
ought to be fairly easy to choose between right and wrong by relying
on principles, but business activity often demands that we select
from alternatives that are neither wholly right or wholly wrong."
What is Business Ethics?
Let's Start With "What is ethics?"
Simply put, ethics involves learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing -- but "the right thing" is not nearly as straightforward as conveyed in a great deal of business ethics literature. Most ethical dilemmas in the workplace are not simply a matter of "Should Bob steal from Jack?" or "Should Jack lie to his boss?"
(Many ethicists assert there's always a right thing to do based
on moral principle, and others believe the right thing to do depends
on the situation -- ultimately it's up to the individual.) Many
philosophers consider ethics to be the "science of conduct."
Twin Cities consultants Doug Wallace and John Pekel (of the Twin
Cities-based Fulcrum Group; 651-714-9033; e-mail at jonpekel@atti.com)
explain that ethics includes the fundamental ground rules by which
we live our lives. Philosophers have been discussing ethics for
at least 2500 years, since the time of Socrates and Plato. Many
ethicists consider emerging ethical beliefs to be "state
of the art" legal matters, i.e., what becomes an ethical
guideline today is often translated to a law, regulation or rule
tomorrow. Values which guide how we ought to behave are considered
moral values, e.g., values such as respect, honesty, fairness,
responsibility, etc. Statements around how these values are applied
are sometimes called moral or ethical principles.
So What is "Business Ethics"?
The concept has come to mean various things to various people,
but generally it's coming to know what it right or wrong in the
workplace and doing what's right -- this is in regard to effects
of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Wallace
and Pekel explain that attention to business ethics is critical
during times of fundamental change -- times much like those faced
now by businesses, both nonprofit or for-profit. In times of fundamental
change, values that were previously taken for granted are now
strongly questioned. Many of these values are no longer followed.
Consequently, there is no clear moral compass to guide leaders
through complex dilemmas about what is right or wrong. Attention
to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how
they should act. Perhaps most important, attention to ethics in
the workplaces helps ensure that when leaders and managers are
struggling in times of crises and confusion, they retain a strong
moral compass. However, attention to business ethics provides
numerous other benefits, as well (these benefits are listed later
in this document).
Note that many people react that business ethics, with its continuing
attention to "doing the right thing," only asserts the
obvious ("be good," "don't lie," etc.), and
so these people don't take business ethics seriously. For many
of us, these principles of the obvious can go right out the door
during times of stress. Consequently, business ethics can be strong
preventative medicine. Anyway, there are many other benefits of
managing ethics in the workplace. These benefits are explained
later in this document.
Two Broad Areas of Business Ethics
1. Managerial mischief.Madsen and Shafritz, in their book "Essentials
of Business Ethics" (Penguin Books, 1990) further explain
that "managerial mischief" includes "illegal, unethical,
or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations,
as well as the causes of such behaviors and remedies to eradicate
them." There has been a great deal written about managerial
mischief, leading many to believe that business ethics is merely
a matter of preaching the basics of what is right and wrong. More
often, though, business ethics is a matter of dealing with dilemmas
that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong.
2. Moral mazes. The other broad area of business ethics is "moral
mazes of management" and includes the numerous ethical problems
that managers must deal with on a daily basis, such as potential
conflicts of interest, wrongful use of resources, mismanagement
of contracts and agreements, etc.
Business Ethics is Now a Management Discipline
Business ethics has come to be considered a management discipline,
especially since the birth of the social responsibility movement
in the 1960s. In that decade, social awareness movements raised
expectations of businesses to use their massive financial and
social influence to address social problems such as poverty, crime,
environmental protection, equal rights, public health and improving
education. An increasing number of people asserted that because
businesses were making a profit from using our country's resources,
these businesses owed it to our country to work to improve society.
Many researchers, business schools and managers have recognized
this broader constituency, and in their planning and operations
have replaced the word "stockholder" with "stakeholder,"
meaning to include employees, customers, suppliers and the wider
community.
The emergence of business ethics is similar to other management
disciplines. For example, organizations realized that they needed
to manage a more positive image to the public and so the recent
discipline of public relations was born. Organizations realized
they needed to better manage their human resources and so the
recent discipline of human resources was born. As commerce became
more complicated and dynamic, organizations realized they needed
more guidance to ensure their dealings supported the common good
and did not harm others -- and so business ethics was born.
Note that 90% of business schools now provide some form of training
in business ethics. Today, ethics in the workplace can be managed
through use of codes of ethics, codes of conduct, roles of ethicists
and ethics committees, policies and procedures, procedures to
resolve ethical dilemmas, ethics training, etc.
10 Myths About Business Ethics
Business ethics in the workplace is about prioritizing moral
values for the workplace and ensuring behaviors are aligned with
those values -- it's values management. Yet, myths abound about
business ethics. Some of these myths arise from general confusion
about the notion of ethics. Other myths arise from narrow or simplistic
views of ethical dilemmas.
1. Myth: Business ethics is more a matter of religion than
management.
Diane Kirrane, in "Managing Values: A Systematic Approach
to Business Ethics," (Training and Development Journal, November
1990), asserts that "altering people's values or souls isn't
the aim of an organizational ethics program -- managing values
and conflict among them is ..."
2. Myth: Our employees are ethical so we don't need attention
to business ethics.
Most of the ethical dilemmas faced by managers in the workplace
are highly complex. Wallace explains that one knows when they
have a significant ethical conflict when there is presence of
a) significant value conflicts among differing interests, b) real
alternatives that are equality justifiable, and c) significant
consequences on "stakeholders" in the situation. Kirrane
mentions that when the topic of business ethics comes up, people
are quick to speak of the Golden Rule, honesty and courtesy. But
when presented with complex ethical dilemmas, most people realize
there's a wide "gray area" when trying to apply ethical
principles.
3. Myth: Business ethics is a discipline best led by philosophers,
academics and theologians.
Lack of involvement of leaders and managers in business ethics
literature and discussions has led many to believe that business
ethics is a fad or movement, having little to do with the day-to-day
realities of running an organization. They believe business ethics
is primarily a complex philosophical debate or a religion. However,
business ethics is a management discipline with a programmatic
approach that includes several practical tools. Ethics management
programs have practical applications in other areas of management
areas, as well. (These applications are listed later on in this
document.)
4. Myth: Business ethics is superfluous -- it only asserts
the obvious: "do good!"
Many people react that codes of ethics, or lists of ethical values
to which the organization aspires, are rather superfluous because
they represent values to which everyone should naturally aspire.
However, the value of a codes of ethics to an organization is
its priority and focus regarding certain ethical values in that
workplace. For example, it’s obvious that all people should
be honest. However, if an organization is struggling around continuing
occasions of deceit in the workplace, a priority on honesty is
very timely -- and honesty should be listed in that organization’s
code of ethics. Note that a code of ethics is an organic instrument
that changes with the needs of society and the organization.
5. Myth: Business ethics is a matter of the good guys preaching
to the bad guys.
Some writers do seem to claim a moral high ground while lamenting
the poor condition of business and its leaders. However, those
people well versed in managing organizations realize that good
people can take bad actions, particularly when stressed or confused.
(Stress or confusion are not excuses for unethical actions --
they are reasons.) Managing ethics in the workplace includes all
of us working together to help each other remain ethical and to
work through confusing and stressful ethical dilemmas.
6. Myth: Business ethics in the new policeperson on the block.
Many believe business ethics is a recent phenomenon because of
increased attention to the topic in popular and management literature.
However, business ethics was written about even 2,000 years ago
-- at least since Cicero wrote about the topic in his On Duties.
Business ethics has gotten more attention recently because of
the social responsibility movement that started in the 1960s.
7. Myth: Ethics can't be managed.
Actually, ethics is always "managed" -- but, too often,
indirectly. For example, the behavior of the organization's founder
or current leader is a strong moral influence, or directive if
you will, on behavior or employees in the workplace. Strategic
priorities (profit maximization, expanding marketshare, cutting
costs, etc.) can be very strong influences on morality. Laws,
regulations and rules directly influence behaviors to be more
ethical, usually in a manner that improves the general good and/or
minimizes harm to the community. Some are still skeptical about
business ethics, believing you can't manage values in an organization.
Donaldson and Davis (Management Decision, V28, N6) note that management,
after all, is a value system. Skeptics might consider the tremendous
influence of several "codes of ethics," such as the
"10 Commandments" in Christian religions or the U.S.
Constitution. Codes can be very powerful in smaller "organizations"
as well.
8. Myth: Business ethics and social responsibility are the
same thing.
The social responsibility movement is one aspect of the overall
discipline of business ethics. Madsen and Shafritz refine the
definition of business ethics to be: 1) an application of ethics
to the corporate community, 2) a way to determine responsibility
in business dealings, 3) the identification of important business
and social issues, and 4) a critique of business. Items 3 and
4 are often matters of social responsibility. (There has been
a great deal of public discussion and writing about items 3 and
4. However, there needs to be more written about items 1 and 2,
about how business ethics can be managed.) Writings about social
responsibility often do not address practical matters of managing
ethics in the workplace, e.g., developing codes, updating polices
and procedures, approaches to resolving ethical dilemmas, etc.
9. Myth: Our organization is not in trouble with the law, so
we're ethical.
One can often be unethical, yet operate within the limits of the
law, e.g., withhold information from superiors, fudge on budgets,
constantly complain about others, etc. However, breaking the law
often starts with unethical behavior that has gone unnoticed.
The "boil the frog" phenomena is a useful parable here:
If you put a frog in hot water, it immediately jumps out. If you
put a frog in cool water and slowly heat up the water, you can
eventually boil the frog. The frog doesn't seem to notice the
adverse change in its environment.
10. Myth: Managing ethics in the workplace has little practical
relevance.
Managing ethics in the workplace involves identifying and prioritizing
values to guide behaviors in the organization, and establishing
associated policies and procedures to ensure those behaviors are
conducted. One might call this "values management."
Values management is also highly important in other management
practices, e.g., managing diversity, Total Quality Management
and strategic planning.
10 Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace
Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits
of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types
of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types
of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace.
1. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved
society.
A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour
days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were
condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled
some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses
choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees
were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied
through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and
demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal
rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were
established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were
established.
2. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent
times.
As noted earlier in this document, Wallace and Pekel explain that
attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental
change -- times much like those faced now by businesses, both
nonprofit or for-profit. During times of change, there is often
no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts
about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in
the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to
act -- consistently.
3. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity.
Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority
ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually,
an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred
values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace.
Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace
builds openness, integrity and community -- critical ingredients
of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment
between their values and those of the organization. They react
with strong motivation and performance.
4. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning.
Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality,
both good and bad -- in the organization and themselves. Employees
feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes
their way. Bennett, in his article "Unethical Behavior, Stress
Appear Linked" (Wall Street Journal, April 11, 1991, p. B1),
explained that a consulting company tested a range of executives
and managers. Their most striking finding: the more emotionally
healthy executives, as measured on a battery of tests, the more
likely they were to score high on ethics tests.
5. Ethics programs are an insurance policy -- they help ensure
that policies are legal.
There is an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel
matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products
on stakeholders. As mentioned earlier in this document, ethical
principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles
are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation.
Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures
in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms
to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation
later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to
ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring,
evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Drake and Drake (California
Management Review, V16, pp. 107-123) note that “an employer
can be subject to suit for breach of contract for failure to comply
with any promise it made, so the gap between stated corporate
culture and actual practice has significant legal, as well as
ethical implications.”
6. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts “of omission”
and can lower fines.
Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early
on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an
organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and
does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be
considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain
government agencies, such as the Defense Department. The recent
Federal Sentencing Guidelines specify major penalties for various
types of major ethics violations. However, the guidelines potentially
lowers fines if an organization has clearly made an effort to
operate ethically.
7. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality
management, strategic planning and diversity management -- this
benefit needs far more attention.
Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational
behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes
recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align
behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel
about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very
useful for several other programs in the workplace that require
behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management,
strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management
includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust
among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and
feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality
programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders.
Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic
values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. McDonnell
Douglas integrates their ethics programs into their strategic
planning process. Ethics management programs are also useful in
managing diversity. Diversity is much more than the color of people’s
skin -- it’s acknowledging different values and perspectives.
Diversity programs require recognizing and applying diverse values
and perspectives -- these activities are the basis of a sound
ethics management program.
8. Ethics programs promote a strong public image.
Attention to ethics is also strong public relations -- admittedly,
managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public
relations. But, frankly, the fact that an organization regularly
gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to
the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more
than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity
and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective
marketing and public relations programs. Consider how Johnson
and Johnson handled the Tylenol crisis versus how Exxon handled
the oil spill in Alaska. Bob Dunn, President and CEO of San Francisco-based
Business for Social Responsibility, puts it best: “Ethical
values, consistently applied, are the cornerstones in building
a commercially successful and socially responsible business.”
9. Overall benefits of ethics programs:
Donaldson and Davis, in “Business Ethics? Yes, But What Can
it Do for the Bottom Line?” (Management Decision, V28, N6,
1990) explain that managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes
managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the
organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between
individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards
and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity
to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages.
10. Last - and most -- formal attention to ethics in the workplace
is the right thing to do.
One Description of a Highly Ethical Organization
Mark Pastin, in The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the
Ethics Edge (Jossey-Bass, 1986), provides the following four principles
for highly ethical organizations:
1. They are at ease interacting with diverse internal and external
stakeholder groups. The groundrules of these firms make the good
of these stakeholder groups part of the organizations' own good.
2. They are obsessed with fairness. Their groundrules emphasize
that the other persons' interests count as much as their own.
3. Responsibility is individual rather than collective, with individuals
assuming personal responsibility for actions of the organization.
These organizations' groundrules mandate that individuals are
responsible to themselves.
4. They see their activities in terms of purpose. This purpose
is a way of operating that members of the organization highly
value. And purpose ties the organization to its environment.
Doug Wallace asserts the following characteristics of a high integrity
organization:
1. There exists a clear vision and picture of integrity throughout
the organization.
2. The vision is owned and embodied by top management, over time.
3. The reward system is aligned with the vision of integrity.
4. Policies and practices of the organization are aligned with
the vision; no mixed messages.
5. It is understood that every significant management decision
has ethical value dimensions.
6. Everyone is expected to work through conflicting-stakeholder
value perspectives.
Ethics Management Programs: An Overview
About Ethics Management Programs Organizations can manage
ethics in their workplaces by establishing an ethics management
program. Brian Schrag, Executive Secretary of the Association
for Practical and Professional Ethics, clarifies. "Typically,
ethics programs convey corporate values, often using codes and
policies to guide decisions and behavior, and can include extensive
training and evaluating, depending on the organization. They provide
guidance in ethical dilemmas." Rarely are two programs alike.
"All organizations have ethics programs, but most do not
know that they do," wrote business ethics professor Stephen
Brenner in the Journal of Business Ethics (1992, V11, pp. 391-399).
"A corporate ethics program is made up of values, policies
and activities which impact the propriety of organization behaviors."
Bob Dunn, President and CEO of San Francisco-based Business for
Social Responsibility, adds: "Balancing competing values
and reconciling them is a basic purpose of an ethics management
program. Business people need more practical tools and information
to understand their values and how to manage them."
Benefits of Managing Ethics as a Program
There are numerous benefits in formally managing ethics as
a program, rather than as a one-shot effort when it appears to
be needed. Ethics programs:
· Establish organizational roles to manage ethics
· Schedule ongoing assessment of ethics requirements
· Establish required operating values and behaviors
· Align organizational behaviors with operating values
· Develop awareness and sensitivity to ethical issues
· Integrate ethical guidelines to decision making
· Structure mechanisms to resolving ethical dilemmas
· Facilitate ongoing evaluation and updates to the program
· Help convince employees that attention to ethics is not
just a knee-jerk reaction done to get out of trouble or improve
public image
8 Guidelines for Managing Ethics in the Workplace
The following guidelines ensure the ethics management program
is operated in a meaningful fashion:
1.Recognize that managing ethics is a process.
Ethics is a matter of values and associated behaviors. Values
are discerned through the process of ongoing reflection. Therefore,
ethics programs may seem more process-oriented than most management
practices. Managers tend to be skeptical of process-oriented activities,
and instead prefer processes focused on deliverables with measurements.
However, experienced managers realize that the deliverables of
standard management practices (planning, organizing, motivating,
controlling) are only tangible representations of very process-oriented
practices. For example, the process of strategic planning is much
more important than the plan produced by the process. The same
is true for ethics management. Ethics programs do produce deliverables,
e.g., codes, policies and procedures, budget items, meeting minutes,
authorization forms, newsletters, etc. However, the most important
aspect from an ethics management program is the process of reflection
and dialogue that produces these deliverables.
2. The bottom line of an ethics program is accomplishing preferred
behaviors in the workplace.
As with any management practice, the most important outcome is
behaviors preferred by the organization. The best of ethical values
and intentions are relatively meaningless unless they generate
fair and just behaviors in the workplace. That's why practices
that generate lists of ethical values, or codes of ethics, must
also generate policies, procedures and training that translate
those values to appropriate behaviors.
3. The best way to handle ethical dilemmas is to avoid their
occurrence in the first place.
That's why practices such as developing codes of ethics and codes
of conduct are so important. Their development sensitizes employees
to ethical considerations and minimize the chances of unethical
behavior occurring in the first place.
4. Make ethics decisions in groups, and make decisions public,
as appropriate.
This usually produces better quality decisions by including diverse
interests and perspectives, and increases the credibility of the
decision process and outcome by reducing suspicion of unfair bias.
5. Integrate ethics management with other management practices.
When developing the values statement during strategic planning,
include ethical values preferred in the workplace. When developing
personnel policies, reflect on what ethical values you'd like
to be most prominent in the organization's culture and then design
policies to produce these behaviors.
6. Use cross-functional teams when developing and implementing
the ethics management program.
It’s vital that the organization’s employees feel a
sense of participation and ownership in the program if they are
to adhere to its ethical values. Therefore, include employees
in developing and operating the program.
7. Value forgiveness.
This may sound rather religious or preachy to some, but it’s
probably the most important component of any management practice.
An ethics management program may at first actually increase the
number of ethical issues to be dealt with because people are more
sensitive to their occurrence. Consequently, there may be more
occasions to address people’s unethical behavior. The most
important ingredient for remaining ethical is trying to be ethical.
Therefore, help people recognize and address their mistakes and
then support them to continue to try operate ethically.
8. Note that trying to operate ethically and making a few mistakes
is better than not trying at all.
Some organizations have become widely known as operating in a
highly ethical manner, e.g., Ben and Jerrys, Johnson and Johnson,
Aveda, Hewlett Packard, etc. Unfortunately, it seems that when
an organization achieves this strong public image, it's placed
on a pedestal by some business ethics writers. All organizations
are comprised of people and people are not perfect. However, when
a mistake is made by any of these organizations, the organization
has a long way to fall. In our increasingly critical society,
these organizations are accused of being hypocritical and they
are soon pilloried by social critics. Consequently, some leaders
may fear sticking their necks out publicly to announce an ethics
management program. This is extremely unfortunate. It's the trying
that counts and brings peace of mind -- not achieving an heroic
status in society.
6 Key Roles and Responsibilities in Ethics Management
Depending on the size of the organization, certain roles may
prove useful in managing ethics in the workplace. These can be
full-time roles or part-time functions assumed by someone already
in the organization. Small organizations certainly will not have
the resources to implement each the following roles using different
people in the organization. However, the following functions points
out responsibilities that should be included somewhere in the
organization.
1. The organization's chief executive must fully support the
program.
If the chief executive isn't fully behind the program, employees
will certainly notice -- and this apparent hypocrisy may cause
such cynicism that the organization may be worse off than having
no formal ethics program at all. Therefore, the chief executive
should announce the program, and champion its development and
implementation. Most important, the chief executive should consistently
aspire to lead in an ethical manner. If a mistake is made, admit
it.
2. Consider establishing an ethics committee at the board level.
The committee would be charged to oversee development and operation
of the ethics management program.
3. Consider establishing an ethics management committee.
It would be charged with implementing and administrating an ethics
management program, including administrating and training about
policies and procedures, and resolving ethical dilemmas. The committee
should be comprised of senior officers.
4. Consider assigning/developing an ethics officer.
This role is becoming more common, particularly in larger and
more progressive organizations. The ethics officer is usually
trained about matters of ethics in the workplace, particularly
about resolving ethical dilemmas.
5. Consider establishing an ombudsperson.
The ombudsperson is responsible to help coordinate development
of the policies and procedures to institutionalize moral values
in the workplace. This position usually is directly responsible
for resolving ethical dilemmas by interpreting policies and procedures.
6. Note that one person must ultimately be responsible for
managing the ethics management program.
Ethics Tools: Codes of Ethics
About Codes of Ethics
According to Wallace, "A credo generally describes the highest values to which the company aspires to operate. It contains the `thou shalts.' A code of ethics specifies the ethical rules of operation. It's the `thou shalt nots." In the latter 1980s, The Conference Board, a leading business membership organization, found that 76% of corporations surveyed had codes of ethics.
Some business ethicists disagree that codes have any value. Usually they explain that too much focus is put on the codes themselves, and that codes themselves are not influential in managing ethics in the workplace. Many ethicists note that it's the developing and continuing dialogue around the code's values that is most important.
Occasionally, employees react to codes with suspicion, believing the values are "motherhood and apple pie" and codes are for window dressing. But, when managing a complex issue, especially in a crisis, having a code is critical. More important, it's having developed a code. In the mid-70s, Johnson and Johnson updated their credo in a series of challenge meetings. Bob Kniffin, Vice President of External Affairs, explains, "We pored over each phrase and word. We asked ourselves, `Do we still believe this?' Our meetings resulted in some fine tuning, but basically we didn't change the values. The meetings infused the values in the minds of all of us managers." Many believe this process guided them in their well-known decision to pull Tylenol bottles off the shelves and repackage them at a $100 million expense. Kniffin offers some sound, practical advice. "In a crisis, there's no time for moral conclusions. Get those done beforehand. But also realize there's no substitute for sound crisis management. For example, have a list of people with fundamental knowledge, such as who transports your products where and when."
Developing Codes of Ethics
Note that if your organization is quite large, e.g., includes
several large programs or departments, you may want to develop
an overall corporate code of ethics and then a separate code to
guide each of your programs or departments.
Also note that codes should not be developed out of the Human
Resource or Legal departments alone, as is too often done. Codes
are insufficient if intended only to ensure that policies are
legal. All staff must see the ethics program being driven by top
management.
Note that codes of ethics and codes of conduct may be the same
in some organizations, depending on the organization's culture
and operations and on the ultimate level of specificity in the
code(s).
Optional: Also see in the Free Management Library at http://managementhelp.org:
1. Organizational
Culture - review to get a basic understanding of "personalities"
of organizations
2. Strategic
Planning - specific to developing a Values Statement
3. Valuing
Diversity- to consider that there are other values and perspectives
Consider the following guidelines when developing codes of
ethics:
1. Review any values need to adhere to relevant laws and regulations;
this ensures your organization is not (or is not near) breaking
any of them. (If you are breaking any of them, you may be far
better off to report this violation than to try hide the problem.
Often, a reported violation generates more leniency than outside
detection of an unreported violation, particularly per the new
Federal Sentencing Guidelines.) Increase priority on values that
will help your organization operate to avoid breaking these laws
and to follow necessary regulations.
2. Review which values produce the top three or four traits
of a highly ethical and successful product or service in your
area,
e.g., for accountants: objectivity, confidentiality, accuracy,
etc. Identify which values produce behaviors that exhibit these
traits.
3. Identify values needed to address current issues in your
workplace.
Appoint one or two key people to interview key staff to collect
descriptions of major issues in the workplace. Collect descriptions
of behaviors that produce the issues. Consider which of these
issues is ethical in nature, e.g.., issues in regard to respect,
fairness and honesty. Identify the behaviors needed to resolve
these issues. Identify which values would generate those preferred
behaviors. There may be values included here that some people
would not deem as moral or ethical values, e.g., team-building
and promptness, but for managers, these practical values may add
more relevance and utility to a code of ethics.
4. Identify any values needed, based on findings during strategic
planning.
Review information from your SWOT analysis (identifying the organization's
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). What behaviors
are needed to build on strengths, shore up weaknesses, take advantage
of opportunities and guard against threats?
5. Consider any top ethical values that might be prized by
stakeholders.
For example, consider expectations of employees, clients/customers,
suppliers, funders, members of the local community, etc.
6. Collect from the above steps, the top five to ten ethical
values which are high priorities in your organization (see item
#7 below for examples).
7. Examples of ethical values might include
(the following list is the "Six Pillars of Character"
developed by The Josephson Institute of Ethics, 310-306-1868):
a) Trustworthiness: honesty, integrity, promise-keeping, loyalty
b) Respect: autonomy, privacy, dignity, courtesy, tolerance, acceptance
c) Responsibility: accountability, pursuit of excellence
d) Caring: compassion, consideration, giving, sharing, kindness,
loving
e) Justice and fairness: procedural fairness, impartiality, consistency,
equity, equality, due process
f) Civic virtue and citizenship: law abiding, community service,
protection of environment
8. Compose your code of ethics; attempt to associate with each
value, two example behaviors which reflect each value.
Critics of codes of ethics assert that they seem vacuous because
many only list ethical values and don't clarify these values by
associating examples of behaviors.
9. Include wording that indicates all employees are expected
to conform to the values stated in the code of ethics.
Add wording that indicates where employees can go if they have
any questions.
10. Obtain review from key members of the organization.
Get input from as many members as possible.
11. Announce and distribute the new code of ethics (unless
you are waiting to announce it along with any new codes of conduct
and associated policies and procedures).
Ensure each employee has a copy and post codes throughout the
facility.
12. Update the code at least once a year.
As stated several times in this document, the most important aspect
of codes is developing them, not the code itself. Continued dialogue
and reflection around ethical values produces ethical sensitivity
and consensus. Therefore, revisit your codes at least once a year
-- preferably two or three times a year.
13. (Note that you cannot include values and preferred behaviors
for every possible ethical dilemma that might arise.
Your goal is to focus on the top ethical values needed in your
organization and to avoid potential ethical dilemmas that seem
mostly likely to occur.)
Ethics Tools: Codes of Conduct
About Codes of Conduct
"Codes of conduct specify actions in the workplace and
codes of ethics are general guides to decisions about those actions,"
explains Craig Nordlund, Associate General Counsel and Secretary
at Hewlett Packard. He suggests that codes of conduct contain
examples of appropriate behavior to be meaningful.
The Conference Board found that codes of conduct are increasingly
sophisticated and focused at lower levels in companies. Departments
frequently have their own codes. Be careful, though. An organization
could be sued for breach of contract if its practices are not
in accord with its policies. That’s why legal departments
should review codes of conduct and other ethics policies. Also,
that’s why it’s critical for organizations to review
their policies at least once a year to ensure they are in accordance
with laws and regulations.
Optional: also see in the Free Management Library at http://managementhelp.org:
1. Employee
Law - review major issues and topics to discern what behaviors
to avoid in the workplace
2. Policies
(Personnel) - review more specifics about what behaviors to
avoid
Developing a Code of Conduct
Note that if your organization is quite large, e.g., includes
several large programs or departments, you may want to develop
an overall corporate code of conduct, and then a separate code
to guide each of your programs or departments. Consider the following
guidelines when developing codes of conduct:
1. Identify key behaviors needed to adhere to the ethical values
proclaimed in your code of ethics
, including ethical values derived from review of key laws and
regulations, ethical behaviors needed in your product or service
area, behaviors to address current issues in your workplace, and
behaviors needed to reach strategic goals.
2. Include wording that indicates all employees are expected
to conform to the behaviors specified in the code of conduct.
Add wording that indicates where employees can go if they have
any questions.
3. Obtain review from key members of the organization.
Be sure your legal department reviews the drafted code of conduct.
4. Announce and distribute the new code of conduct
(unless you are waiting to announce it along with any associated
policies and procedures). Ensure each employee has a copy and
post codes in each employee's bay or office.
5. (Note that you cannot include preferred behaviors for every
possible ethical dilemma that might arise.)
6. Examples of topics typically addressed by codes of conduct
include:
preferred style of dress, avoiding illegal drugs, following instructions
of superiors, being reliable and prompt, maintaining confidentiality,
not accepting personal gifts from stakeholders as a result of
company role, avoiding racial or sexual discrimination, avoiding
conflict of interest, complying with laws and regulations, not
using organization's property for personal use, not discriminating
against race or age or sexual orientation, and reporting illegal
or questionable activity. Go beyond these traditional legalistic
expectations in your codes -- adhere to what's ethically sensitive
in your organization, as well. (Note that, as with codes of ethics,
you may be better off to generate your own code of conduct from
scratch rather than reviewing examples from other organizations.)
Ethics Tools: Policies and Procedures
Optional: also see in the Free Management Library at http://managementhelp.org:
Policies
(Personnel) - review to understand how to develop and apply
personnel policies
1. Update policies and procedures to produce behaviors preferred
from the code of conduct,
including, e.g., personnel, job descriptions, performance appraisal
forms, management-by-objectives expectations, standard forms,
checklists, budget report formats, and other relevant control
instruments to ensure conformance to the code of conduct. In doing
so, try to avoid creating ethical dilemmas such as conflicts-of-interest
or infringing on employee's individual rights.
2. There are numerous examples of how organizations manage
values through use of policies and procedures.
For example, we're most familiar with the value of social responsibility.
To produce behavior aligned with this value, organizations often
institute policies such as recycling waste, donating to local
charities, or paying employees to participate in community events.
In another example, a high value on responsiveness to customers
might be implemented by instituting policies to return phone calls
or to repair defective equipment within a certain period of time.
Consider the role of job descriptions and performance appraisals.
For example, an advanced technology business will highly value
technical knowledge, creativity and systems thinking. They use
job descriptions and performance appraisals to encourage behaviors
aligned with these values, such as rewarding advanced degrees,
patents, and analysis and design skills.
3. Include policies and procedures to address ethical dilemmas.
See the next section, "Ethics Tools: Resolving Ethical Dilemmas,"
to select a method which is most appropriate to your organization's
culture and operations.
4. Include policies and procedures to ensure training of employees
about the ethics management program.
See a following section, "Ethics Tools: Training."
5. Include policies and procedures to reward ethical behavior
and impose consequences for unethical behavior.
6. Include a grievance policy for employees to use to resolve
disagreements with supervisors and staff.
7. Consider establishing an ethics "hotline."
This function might best be provided by an outside consultant,
e.g., lawyer, clergyperson, etc. Or, provide an anonymous "tip"
box in which personnel can report suspected unethical activities,
and do so safely on an anonymous basis.
8. Once a year, review all personnel policies and procedures.
If yours is a small organization, consider including all staff
during this review. Take a full day for all staff to review policies
and procedures, and suggest changes.
9. For guidance in establishing personnel policies, see the
Guide
to Personnel Management and Policies (http://managementhelp.org/management/guidebook.htm).
Ethics Tools: Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (with Real-to-Life Examples)
Definition of an Ethical Dilemma
Perhaps too often, business ethics is portrayed as a matter
of resolving conflicts in which one option appears to be the clear
choice. For example, case studies are often presented in which
an employee is faced with whether or not to lie, steal, cheat,
abuse another, break terms of a contract, etc. However, ethical
dilemmas faced by managers are often more real-to-life and highly
complex with no clear guidelines, whether in law or often in religion.
As noted earlier in this document, Doug Wallace, Twin Cities-based
consultant, explains that one knows when they have a significant
ethical conflict when there is presence of a) significant value
conflicts among differing interests, b) real alternatives that
are equality justifiable, and c) significant consequences on "stakeholders"
in the situation.
An ethical dilemma exists when one is faced with having to
make a choice among these alternatives.
Real-to-Life Examples of Complex Ethical Dilemmas
· "A customer (or client) asked for a product (or
service) from us today. After telling him our price, he said he
couldn't afford it. I know he could get it cheaper from a competitor.
Should I tell him about the competitor -- or let him go without
getting what he needs? What should I do?"
· "Our company prides itself on its merit-based pay
system. One of my employees has done a tremendous job all year,
so he deserves strong recognition. However, he's already paid
at the top of the salary range for his job grade and our company
has too many people in the grade above him, so we can't promote
him. What should I do?"
· "Our company prides itself on hiring minorities.
One Asian candidate fully fits the job requirements for our open
position. However, we're concerned that our customers won't understand
his limited command of the English language. What should I do?"
· "My top software designer suddenly refused to use
our e-mail system. He explained to me that, as a Christian, he
could not use a product built by a company that provided benefits
to the partners of homosexual employees. He'd basically cut himself
off from our team, creating a major obstacle to our product development.
What should I do?"
· "My boss told me that one of my employees is among
several others to be laid off soon, and that I'm not to tell my
employee yet or he might tell the whole organization which would
soon be in an uproar. Meanwhile, I heard from my employee that
he plans to buy braces for his daughter and a new carpet for his
house. What should I do?"
· "My computer operator told me he'd noticed several
personal letters printed from a computer that I was responsible
to manage. While we had no specific policies then against personal
use of company facilities, I was concerned. I approached the letter
writer to discuss the situation. She told me she'd written the
letters on her own time to practice using our word processor.
What should I do?"
· "A fellow employee told me that he plans to quit
the company in two months and start a new job which has been guaranteed
to him. Meanwhile, my boss told me that he wasn't going to give
me a new opportunity in our company because he was going to give
it to my fellow employee now. What should I do?"
Optional: also see in the Free Management Library at http://managementhelp.org:
1. Feedback
2. Listening
3. Questioning
4. Conflict
(interpersonal)
5. Negotiating
6. Valuing
Diversity
3 Methods to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas
Organizations should develop and document a procedure for dealing
with ethical dilemmas as they arise. Ideally, ethical dilemmas
should be resolved by a group within the organization, e.g., an
ethics committee comprised of top leaders/managers and/or members
of the board. Consider having staff members on the committee,
as well. The following three methods can be used to address ethical
dilemmas. Methods include an ethical checklist, a ten-step method
and a list of key questions. (Note that The Golden Rule is probably
the most common method to resolve ethical dilemmas. The rule exists
in various forms in many of the world religions.)
Method One - Ethical Checklist
Twin Cities-based consultants, Doug Wallace and Jon Pekel, suggest the following ethical checklist to address ethical dilemmas. If necessary, revise your decision and action plan based on results of the this test.
NOTE: To get the longer version of this document, see
Ten-Step Method for Ethical Decision-Making
| Ethical Checklist | Circle the appropriate answer on the scale; "1" = not at all; "5" = totally yes | |||||||
| 1. | Relevant Information Test. Have I/we obtained as much information as possible to make an informed decision and action plan for this situation? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 2. | Involvement Test. Have I/we involved all who have a right to have input and/or to be involved in making this decision and action plan? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 3. | Consequential Test. Have I/we anticipated and attempted to accommodate for the consequences of this decision and action plan on any who are significantly effected by it? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 4. | Fairness Test. If I/we were assigned to take the place of any one of the stakeholders in this situation, would I/we perceive this decision and action plan to be essentially fair, given all of the circumstances? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 5. | Enduring Values Test. Do this decision and action plan uphold my/our priority enduring values that are relevant to this situation? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 6. | Universality Test. Would I/we want this decision and action plan to become a universal law applicable to all similar situation, even to myself/ourselves? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 7. | Light-of-Day Test. How would I/we feel and be regarded by others (working associates, family, etc.) if the details of this decision and action plan were disclosed for all to know? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 8. | Total Ethical Analysis Confidence Score . Place the total of all circled numbers here. | |||||||
| How confident can you be that you have done a good job of ethical analysis? | ||||||||
|
7-14 15-21 22-28 29-35 |
Not very confident Somewhat confident Quite confident Very confident |
|||||||
Method Two - Ten-Step Method of Decision Making
Wallace and Pekel also provide the following ten-step method.
10
Step Method (Short Version)
Used with permission from Copyright holders: Doug Wallace and
Jon Pekel, Twin Cities-based consultants in the Fulcrum Group
(651-714-9033; e-mail at jonpekel@comcast.net).
Do not copy without reference to copyright owners. Not to be used
for commercial purposes.
Method Three - Twelve Questions to Address Ethical Dilemmas
Laura L. Nash poses 12 questions to help managers address ethical
dilemmas.
1. Have you defined the problem accurately?
2. How would you define the problem if you stood on the other
side of the fence?
3. How did this situation occur in the first place?
4. To whom and to what do you give your loyalty as a person and
as a member of the corporation?
5. What is your intention in making this decision?
6. How does this intention compare with the probable results?
7. Whom could your decision or action injure?
8. Can you discuss the problem with the affected parties before
you make your decision?
9. Are you confident that your position will be as valid over
a long period of time as it seem now?
10. Could you disclose without qualm your decision or action to
your boss, your CEO, the board of directors, your family, society
as a whole?
11. What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood?
misunderstood?
12. Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand?
(adapted from: Nash, L. (1981). Ethics Without the Sermon. Harvard
Business Review, (59))
Ethics Tools: Training
The ethics program is essentially useless unless all staff members are trained about what it is, how it works and their roles in it. The nature of the system may invite suspicion if not handled openly and honestly. In addition, no matter how fair and up-to-date is a set of policies, the legal system will often interpret employee behavior (rather than written policies) as de facto policy. Therefore, all staff must be aware of and act in full accordance with policies and procedures (this is true, whether policies and procedures are for ethics programs or personnel management). This full accordance requires training about policies and procedures.
Optional: Also see in the Free Management Library at http://managementhelp.org
Training
Basics for Supervisors and Learners
1. Orient new employees to the organization's ethics program
during new-employee orientation.
2. Review the ethics management program in management training
experiences.
3. Involving staff in review of codes is strong ethics training.
4. Involving staff in review of policies (ethics and personnel
policies) is strong ethics training.
5. One of the strongest forms of ethics training is practice
in resolving complex ethical dilemmas. Have staff use any
of the three ethical-dilemma-resolution methods in this guidebook
and apply them to any of the real-to-life ethical dilemmas also
listed in this guidebook.
6. Include ethical performance as a dimension in performance
appraisals.
7. The best ethics trainer: Bill Goodman, Chief Human Resource
Officer at Aveda, describes, "We start our training even
in our job ads," then adds, "but the best trainer is
the behavior of our leaders."
8. Give all staff a copy of this free "Complete Guide
to Ethics Management."
About the Author
Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, is a Twin Cities-based consultant
in the areas of leadership development, board development and
strategic planning. He has managed in a wide variety of organizations
including startup, public-private, small and large nonprofit,
and large corporation. He received comprehensive ethics training
as an employee in a large defense contractor, various ethics classes
and continuing research in business ethics. In addition, as a
manager, he has struggled through several major ethical dilemmas
(one was quite public) so he knows and understands the experience.
He has led development of several codes of ethics and conduct,
as well. Carter holds a BA in Social and Behavioral Sciences,
BS in Computer Science, an MBA, and a PhD in Human and Organization
Development.
Bibliography of Practical Resources
Hardcopy documents:
The following references are to hardcopy documents that provide information about managing ethics in the workplace:
Berenbeim, R. E. (1992, Spring). "The Corporate Ethics Test". Business and Society Review, 31(1), 77-80.
Brenner, S. N. (1992). "Ethics Programs and Their Dimensions". Journal of Business Ethics, 11,391-399.
Buchholz, R. A. (1989). "Fundamental Concepts and Problems in Business Ethics". In Madsen, P., & Shafritz, J. M. (Eds.) (1990). "Essentials of Business Ethics". New York: Penguin Books.
Carroll, A. B. (1990). "Principles of Business Ethics: Their Role in Decision Making and in Initial Consensus". Management Decision, 28(8), 21-23.
Dean, P. J. (1992). "Making Codes of Ethics 'Real'." Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 285-290.
Deborah, B. (1991, January/February). "Asking for Help: A Guide to Using Socially Responsible Consultants". Business Ethics Magazine, pp. 24-29.
Francis, David R. (1991, June). "Prevent Trouble by Improving Ethics". Christian Science Monitor, p. 9.
Fulcrum Consulting Group, 1093 Snelling Ave. South, Saint Paul, MN 55116. Phone 1-800-55-ETHIC.
Gandz, J. & Bird, F. G. (1989, Autumn). "Designing Ethical Organizations". Business Quarterly, 54(2), 108-112.
Genfan, H. (1987, November). "Formalizing Business Ethics". Training and Development Journal, pp. 35-37.
Josephson Institute of Ethics, 310 Washington Boulevard, Suite 104, Marina del Rey, California. Phone 310-306-1868.
Kirrane, D.E. (1990, November). "Managing Values: A Systematic Approach to Business Ethics". Training and Development Journal, pp. 53-60.
Madsen, P., Ph. D., & Shafritz, J. M., Ph. D. (Eds.). (1990). "Essentials of Business Ethics". New York: Penguin Books.
McDonald, G., & Zepp, R. (1990). "What Should Be Done? A Practical Approach to Business Ethics". Management Decision, 28(1), 9-13.
Nash, L. (1981). "Ethics Without the Sermon". Harvard Business Review, (59).
Navran Associates Management Consultants, 3037 Wembley Ridge, Atlanta, GA. Phone 404-493-8886.
Reynolds, L. (1992, July/August). "The Ethics Audit. Business Ethics Magazine", pp. 20-22.
Sims, R. R. (1991). "Institutionalization of Organizational Ethics". Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 493-506.
Strong, K. C., & Meyer, G. (1992). "An Integrative Descriptive Model of Ethics Decision Making". Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 89-94.
Thompson, T. (1991, Spring). "Managing Business Ethics". Canadian Public Administration, 34(1), 153-157.
Toffler, B. (1991, Winter). "Doing Ethics: An Approach to Business Ethics Consulting". Moral Education Forum, 16(4), 14-20.
World Wide Web Links:
The following are links to Websites about business ethics.
General business ethics resources at the Center for Applied Ethics (http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/resources/business/)
General site for ethics on the Web (http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/ethics/ethics_list.html)
Center for Applied Ethics at http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/
For the Category of Ethics:
To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.
Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.
Related Library Topics
Recommended Books
Business Ethics
The following books are recommended because of their highly practical nature and often because they include a wide range of information about this Library topic. To get more information about each book, just click on the image of the book. Also, a "bubble" of information might be displayed. You can click on the title of the book in that bubble to get more information, too.
Social Responsibility
The following books are recommended because of their highly practical nature and often because they include a wide range of information about this Library topic. To get more information about each book, just click on the image of the book. Also, a "bubble" of information might be displayed. You can click on the title of the book in that bubble to get more information, too.
